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A diamond white veil can complement a silk or antique wedding gown perfectly, whereas a champagne-colored veil can complement a dark ivory gown. Boosts immunity 8. There are two subspecies: African savannah elephants which are found in eastern and southern African nations such as Botswana, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe and African forest elephants, which are more prevalent in the dense rainforests of the central and western part of the continent. What is it about elephants tusks that make them so valuable?, Starkey, N. Measuring Carbon Age in Ivory Could Help Combat Poaching, Study Shows.. Due to all of these metaphysical qualities as well as Ivory Astrology, celebrities and athletes have begun to view ivory gems as lucky stones. Encourages giving support to other people and animals and receiving it for oneself. This offers perfect cover for disguised African ivory, which is very difficult to distinguish from the Asian variety. Wearing a gold crown and a long-patterned robe, the king was taking part in a parade at the Popo Carnival, a cultural festival held every year which organisers say attracts more than a million people over two weeks. Yes, the magnet can improve your blood circulation which leads to keeping your body stay enthusiastic. CITES Identification Guide for Ivory and Ivory Substitutes (4th Edition, Allan, C. We have to address demand if we are ever going to truly tackle the poaching of elephants for ivory.. There are chopsticks and chess sets, necklaces and name seals. It is legal to sell the tusk tips of live elephants or the entire tusks of those elephants that die of natural causes. So, whether you're feeling a little bloated thanks to an awkward time of the month or a heavy meal, or you . ETIS has ranked Thailand among the lowest scoring for rule of law and law enforcement, and one of the highest for organized crime. NEW. Siddharth had looked dapper in a white bandhgala suit adorned with zari work all over it. For the most up-to-date information, contact the U.S. Like most Chinese medicine, it's usually paired with other ingredients as a treatment. Fraser, John, editor. National Museum of African Art - Smithsonian Institution. China Bans Ivory: Why 2018 Is the Year Of the Elephant.. Porcelain Ivory 10. Diamonds are regarded as the stone of emotions and good feelings. Answer (1 of 2): Either you are talking about the material from elephants tusks, or ivory jasper stones which are said to have numerous healing properties. Each species has specific legal guidelines governing the sale of their ivory. Yoruba saying from Nigeria notes the elephant is without equal and beyond measure (a superlative linked to powerful individuals, such as rulers, diviners, healers, and elders). Trade in the ivory from the tusks of dead mammoths has occurred for 300 years.Since the worldwide ivory trade ban in 1989 there have been ups and downs in elephant populations, and ivory trade as bans have been placed and lifted. "I told them that I needed to shoot cell phone video of the ivory to show my mom to get her sign off on the gift. New York: The Center for African Art, 1988. Duala proverb from Cameroon refers to wisdom and diplomacy. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/21516952/61/1. While rangers have the challenging job of protecting animals, they also face personal risk and may be estranged from their communities for carrying out their duties. But despite erasure, memories do have a place in Los Angeles. Added cushioning from heel to toe brings extraordinary comfort to our lightweight, flexible Traciee slip-on sandals, thanks to a contoured footbed, and an EVA molded outsole for superior traction. Some of the benefits of wearing perfume you may already be aware of, others will get you thinking! Choosing to wear pearls can regulate endocrine, reduce mood swings, relieve stress, and dilute facial spots. Art conservators are highly trained in the care, preservation, and appropriate restoration of art and artifacts. Therefore, the location of the sample on the tusk may greatly affect the dating results. The ingredients: angelica, Achyranthes (a medicinal plant), complanatus (a type of snail), and ivory. As a sacred bone it should be revered, as it has great spiritual significance. The pink gemstones present ombre or marble-like streaks on their surface that feature shades like white, ivory, grey and orange. They provide height High-heeled shoes or sandals benefit us by giving us more height. Like wood, ivory is prone to cracking along its natural grain, which is created during ivory formation and growth on the elephant. Currently the country with the highest demand for ivory is China, followed by Japan, Thailand, and the United States. There is no denying the fact that summers are for breezy fabrics, short dresses and light colour palette. Around 470 B.C ear piercing and earring wearing was a remedy and treatment for menstrual problems. Protecting your eyes is just as important as protecting your skin. Speculation was that it would be used for traditional Chinese medicine. All of these and more are achieved by ivory. Edward Roybal served his constituents as California's first Latino in Congress for 30 years, yet it was his work as a Los Angeles City Councilman that not only laid the foundation for his national career but also speaks to a number of issues affecting Angelenos today. In a bid to successfully reduce elephant ivory demand, WWF is taking a new approach to ivory consumers. 2018. http://www.kws.go.ke. The Wildlife Conservation Societys 96 Elephants campaign emphasizes the unfortunate fact that 96 elephants are killed in Africa each daythat is one elephant every 15 minutes. During the 1980s African elephant populations decreased by almost 50 percent. Kristie Hang, a freelance journalist in L.A. working on an investigative piece on ivory, did just that. Things like rhinoceros horn and elephant tusk are being prescribed for infertility as a [traditional Chinese medicine] cure, despite that this actually goes against the tradition," writes China Change, a news blog on Chinese issues. A range of natural and synthetic materials have been used to replicate ivory, especially in recent centuries as ivory has become rarer and more expensive. You can change up styles, colors and shapes to have a unique look and feel. African elephants are particularly susceptible to poaching because local authorities face challenges in oversight and protection due to limited government resources and difficulties in accessing their habitats. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Fears, Darryl. Thais buy mostly Buddhist artifacts and amulets, while the Chinese more often buy Chinese figurines, chopsticks and sometimes entire tusk carvings. vieux conjugation french. It is good for arthritic conditions and all ailments of the bones and teeth. Gemstones are frequently used to increase happiness, lower stress levels, improve focus, and find inner peace. WWF now wants to go deeper: to get inside the heads of consumers to figure out what drives their desire to buy ivory. With increased human populations and activities such as land development, infrastructure construction, logging, and mining, elephants are losing their habitats and facing declining populations. If we want to change peoples consumption habits, we have to do the same thing.. Can I wear elephant ivory accessories? For complete information about the cookies we use, data we collect and how we process them, please check our, lawrenceville school acceptance rate 2020, Why Is My Cat Clingy When I'm On My Period. Ethnic Thais and Thai Chinese are now major buyers of ivory in Thailand. Return flights from 268500 FCFA including taxes. Ivory. Smithsonian Deputy Under Secretary for Collections and Interdisciplinary Support. Ivory [Special issue]. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Traditional Colours & Modern Benefits Choose from our wide selection of colours to find the style of outdoor tiles for your garden. Since monitoring began approximately 30 years ago, 2011 has been the worst year on record, with the largest amount of illegal ivory confiscated worldwide. The University of Utah. With increased trade, carvers not only made items for local use but also made souvenirs for sale to foreigners. In 2000, a patent was granted for a pill to supposedly relieve osteoporosis. Here are some places of memory lost to time. As a middle schooler at the time, I had no idea why people were so wired and ready to spend. Increases Your Confidence. WWF and 1986 Panda Symbol are owned by WWF. What Can I Do With My Ivory? Ivory was one of eight, along with pearl, jade, stone, wood, metal, leather, and feather. Historical Ivory Arts and the Protection of Contemporary Wildlife, by Johnetta Betsch Cole. According to the New York Times, in 2006, the Chinese government added ivory carving to its official Intangible Cultural Heritage register, along with opera, kung fu, and acupuncture. $85 399. life force energy. CALL US TODAY AT 910.375.5100 Interviews with Thai ivory sellers show that fabrication of counterfeit ivory certificates is commonplace and relatively easy to do. As snow flurries dot the skies over Los Angeles during a record-breaking winter storm and accumulation occurs at as low as 1000 feet of elevation here's a look back at some of the historic snowfall in L.A. throughout the 20th century, including vintage images of snowball fights, snowmen and more. Order online, women pattern full rim mixed materials square eyeglass frames model #7815335. African elephants are the largest land mammals in the world and can be found in 37 countries across the African continent. CALL US TODAY AT 910.375.5100 Kuba proverb from the Democratic Republic of Congo associates chieftaincy with the elephant and is a metaphor for titleholding. A Look Back at Vintage Los Angeles Blanketed in White in the 20th Century, How Los Angeles Remembers: These Fading SoCal Landmarks Capture the Region's Nuanced History, What We Can Learn From Edward Roybal California's First Latino in Congress and a Pioneer in L.A. Latino Politics. He had paired it with a white churidar and a matching white turban. Men tend to be the main buyers of ivory amulets, many of whom are Buddhist monks. Ivory is said to protect the physical body from injury. How should historic ivories be handled and stored? If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Baker, Barry W., Rachel L. Jacobs, Mary-Jacque Mann, Edgard O. Espinoza, and Giavanna Grein. Africa and the Renaissance: Art in Ivory. And a ban is coming to Hong Kong. collections. Knights, Peter. Photo:pbarry/Flickr/Creative Commons License. Under this layer is a thick strata of dentine; the core is much softer with a consistency of hard. If you search ivory powder in Chinese, you might come across a list of the "healing" properties of the powder. These ivory statuettes of goats are always created in sets of three. . 108/155 In this regard, the display of elephant ivory or ivory products for the purpose of sale is also not permitted. self-love. And a ban is coming to Hong Kong. past simple multiple choice advanced (329) 291 1870 Ext. It can be used as an anti-convulsant and to help heal sore throats. No one eats pandas. benefits of wearing ivory. It is also believed that Neelam helps in curing neurological disorders at a fast pace. A Cultural Approach to Demand Reduction Skin treatment 7. ____African Elephant. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/african-elephant. Karimpuzha The Handloom Village hcl + koh = kcl + h2o; dog seizure medication phenobarbital; lil' plates for small breed dogs If you are a person who is always on the go, this bead is . There are two living elephant species, the Asian elephant and the African elephant. You are welcome to wear white with a dress, but you should avoid wearing an all- white ensemble. The changing attitudes mean that LGBT adults will, in the coming days, feel more accepted. 2nd printing. Create cohesion. The art of carving ivory dates back to the Shang Dynasty (1800 BCE - 1100 BCE) and later, during the Zhou Dynasty (1100 BCE - 256 BCE), when craftsmen were divided into eight groups according to the materials used. Ivory is a status symbol, says Lo, referring to the product that people sometimes call white gold. Its a luxury product that people use to flaunt their wealth, she explains. Knights, Peter. June 14, 2022; did steve urkel marry laura in real life . Actor Jackie Chan, too, has been outspoken against the trade. Ross, Doran H., editor. It is especially well suited for ailments of the bones, joints, and teeth. Is there a certain benefit to the body like wearing a gold ring like jade and tourmaline? The tusks have a good amount of calcium phosphate, it reads. With the study clarifying what motivates people to buy elephant ivory, WWF can craft messages to reach them in an effective manner. It is said to balance a persons masculine and feminine sides, aid in toxin removal, and strengthen the immune system. Tusks are incisor teeth that connect to the elephants upper jaw and protrude even when the mouth is closed. Ivory Beige 30. 7 November 2016, https://unews.utah.edu/tracing-the-ivory-trail/. Beyond their common use as ornaments and decorations for beautification, crystal treatment entails employing them to treat persistent illnesses. But it is possible, and we are so pleased to support a mission that promises such hope and widespread impact.. Its a scenario that holds important implications beyond saving Africas elephants. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, 2004. . Radiocarbon dating (or carbon-14 dating) can be used to determine the age of ivory. Beginning in the 20th century, the quality and applications of plastics replaced many of the utilitarian functions of ivory. How Silver Can Improve Your Health 1. These incredibly comfortable slip-on sandals also feature benefits of wearing silk. Past efforts have focused on raising awareness of the problem, urging people and companies not to buy or sell elephant ivory, and making people aware of the Chinese ban. NeoCrystals is your most preferred source for information on crystals and gemstones to keep you empowered. Depending upon the level of control you choose, shapewear can make you look 3 to 10 lbs slimmer. Noting that millennialsa group that prefers to receive its messages digitallymake up a large proportion of elephant ivory consumers, WWF is working to clamp down on the online presence of illegal ivory advertising and sales, and to educate users on the elephant poaching crisis. For more definitive identification, certain analytical tools may be used however, these tests are destructive, requiring a small sample be removed from the object. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 80 (Summer 2016): 132141. If the ivory needs cleaning or repair, a professional art conservator should be consulted. However, jewelry has traditionally been its most popular usage. Yoruba saying from Nigeria notes the elephant is without equal and beyond measure (a superlative linked to powerful individuals, such as rulers, diviners, healers, and elders). The elephants mythical role as protector and bringer of good fortune has led many Thais to believe that wearing ivory amulets or jewelry will imbue the wearer with these traits. Pure Beige 70. It Has Powerful Antimicrobial Properties Studies have shown that silver has antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, which means it could destroy bacteria, fungi, and certain viruses. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can distinguish between ivory and some substitutes, although bone may be too similar in composition to differentiate. But a closer look reveals otherwise. Either way you are probably wasting your time here as the majority of answers you will get is that both versions of ivory will NOT give any . Gabrielsen, Paul. Bassani, Ezio, and William B. Fagg. Travel with Air Burkina to Bamako, the capital of Mali. The contemporary demand for ivory has been compared to that of diamonds, in that they are both natural materials with little inherent value but their culturally constructed value, as a status symbol, is high. From ancient egyptians that used wigs to protect their heads from the sun, to 16th century men that used wigs to hide unstoppable hair loss, wigs have proved their use time and time again. The team has even commissioned the first social listening analysis about elephant ivory done for WWF, from a Chinese firm that tracks trends and buzz across public social media platforms. My parents gawked at a two-foot-long tusk with seven miniature elephants carved into it, linked together by their trunks and pulling, as if for dear life, on an engraved tree. Tracing the Ivory Trail: Clues in Poached Ivory Yield Ages and Locations of Origin.. 29 November 2016. http://fitzgibbonlaw.com/understanding-ivory-law/#_edn3. They accentuate the curves ____What Can I Do With My Ivory? Ivory never goes bad, right? To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. The National Museum of African Art (NMAfA) in particular holds many wonderful artworks made of ivory in its collection (The illustrated artworks, photographed by Franko Khoury, are from NMAfAs collection). More troubling is this patent for hyperostosis, or excessive bone growth, that was filed in 2009: Ivory in Chinese medicine form isn't popular in the United States. The antimicrobial agents found in sterling silver also help with skincare. This is a classic case of women's activewear that needs to do more than . Ivory topped staffs, such as those made by Kongo (86-2-1) and Attie (2005-6-62) carvers, were carried as symbols of authority and wealth. In comparison to teeth or tusks from other animals, elephant ivory has been favored because of its large size and homogenous appearance. The ingredients: ivory, turtle shell, and hedgehog skin. Reduces stress and anxiety 6. In 2002 the United Nations partially lifted the ban on ivory trade, allowing a few countries to export certain amounts of ivory. 2 July 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/02/carbon-ivory-combat-poaching. Megan Hill, an environment protection specialist with the US Agency for International Development, calls WWFs research groundbreaking. apple valley, ca crime rate dumbo rat breeders near berlin. In 2006, a patent for pure ivory pills was granted to cure bone tuberculosis. It can also be bleached, stained with dyes and colorants, or painted. For many years, domestic and neighboring country Asian elephant populations satisfied Thai demand for ivory products. Ivorys creamy white, semi-translucent appearance develops a yellowed patina as it ages. Benefits: Increased mental energy, strength, and a boost in confidence and courage are some of the benefits associated with wearing Coral. It treats several other organs of the human body such as the jaw, lips, and skin-related ailments. From platinum pixie cuts to brunette bobs, you can choose a wig that enhances your natural hair or go bold with a new look. Abaca fiber is obtained from the leaf sheaths of the abaca (Musa textilis Nee) and is considered as the strongest among natural fibers. DNA analysis can more definitively identify the animal source, including identification within species and more specific geographic origin (such as forest and savannah elephants). Akshita's then-groom, Siddharth Hawa had also complemented the bride by opting for white couture on his D-Day. NEW. While wild elephants are protected under the Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act (WARPA) of 1992, the 1939 Draught Animal Act permits the trade of live domesticated Asian elephants and the sale of their ivory, while killing them is strictly prohibited. Dentine layers are produced annually, similar to the growth of tree rings. Ivory was also exported as a raw material, and became popular for mass-produced objects such as piano keys, billiard balls, knife handles, jewelry, and other novelties. In the past, Europeans, Americans, Chinese, and Japanese largely bought ivory worked and sold in Thailand. When combined with the right piece with the right outfit, it makes women feel elegant, stylish, special, and confident, which ultimately makes a woman feel good about . Legal and uncertified domestically sourced ivory stocks make it easy for African ivory to be smuggled in and sold. ; There are stories of emperors who believed ivory chopsticks would change color upon contact with poisoned food. Of the more practical reasons to don headgear, though, here are a few examples. In contrast, diehard buyersthose who had previously purchased ivory and who were likely to continue doing so despite the banwere more likely to be females with medium-to-high incomes who lived in smaller Chinese cities. The Segregation of John Muir High School, Hollywood Priest: The Story of Fr. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1992. Forgetting is famously what Los Angeles does best. To date, the distinctive features of ivory have not been successfully replicated. In 2016, WWF teamed up with a psychosocial researcher to produce a guide to understanding and undermining the cultural and social roots of consumer desire for ivory. There were other drivers as well. "Perhaps the greatest damage that has come to [traditional Chinese medicine] in the past few hundred years as traditional remedies are being prescribed for ailments they were never meant to treat. Ivory jewelry should never be immersed in water. Starkey, N. Measuring Carbon Age in Ivory Could Help Combat Poaching, Study Shows. The Guardian. Ivory is found in all units of the Smithsonian Institution, from the National Museum of Natural History to the National Air and Space Museum. benefits of wearing ivoryclove cigarettes online. Materials used to store the ivory should be chemically stable; for example, avoid rubber-based materials which can yellow and stain ivory. However, jewelry has traditionally been its most popular usage. Rosen, Rebecca J. Most people buy gold to show his decorative effect. All Hong Kong stores visited during the study were located on or close to busy shopping streets. Among the consumer findings that are helping shape WWFs outreach: The people most opposed to buying elephant ivory were often men between the ages of 51 and 60, with lower-than-average incomes, living in large cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. Former NBA player Yao Ming, for example, has spoken out against the ivory trade and is a wildlife activist of sorts appearing in numerous commercials against ivory and shark's fin soup. One of the main benefits of wearing a baseball cap is that it can protect your eyes from the sun. It has been estimated that 35,000 elephants are illegally killed each year for their ivory. Privacy | Copyright | 202.633.4600 | africa.si.edu, To be a 21st Century Global African Art Museum, Johnnetta Betsch Cole Fund for the Future, National Museum of African Art Legacy Society. Washington, DC 20037. According to ancient Hindu scriptures, Gomed Ratan is considered an extremely effective gemstone to bring about mental peace. An estimated 30,000 or more elephants a year are killed for the trade, China imposed a one year moratorium on the good, a list of the "healing" properties of the powder, China announced a one-year moratorium on the import of ivory carvings, China Change, a news blog on Chinese issues, Snow Way! A wealth of home building and renovating wisdom from years of experience. Ethnic Thais and Thai Chinese are now major buyers of ivory in Thailand. Just as it was 3,000 years ago when the ancient Egyptians used it as seal stones, cooking utensils, and protective talismans, ivory is a versatile and well-liked stone in contemporary jewelry-making. As well as relieving traumas and giving the confidence to trust, it is thought to enhance focus and analytical mindsets. For example, in ancient China, earrings were developed for health purposes rather than womanhood sense of beauty and style. Schames, Joseph and Mayer Schames. Some were set up like expensive jewelry shops with ivory items carefully displayed, while others were run like sundry shops with goods crammed onto shelves. In much the same way that humans are right- or left-handed, elephants can be either right- or left-tusked, and their dominant tusk is usually smaller from wear. Charcoal. These animals were seen as powerful and dangerous, and owning ivory was a status marker. Pictures of Ivory and Other Animal Teeth, Bone, and Antler. The loss or endangerment of any species has an undeniable ripple effect. 1. Within each case lie hundreds of items. In my family, that awareness has definitely hit. Get ready to face the city with radiance! On another site written in Chinese, the anti-epileptic powers of ivory are emphasized. Andalusite Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Amblygonite Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Satya Mani Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Rosophia Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Garnierite Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Auralite Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Wulfenite Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Siderite Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Anhydrite: Meaning, Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Cuprite Meaning: Healing Properties, Benefits and Uses, Babirusa Tusk Ivory, Boar Tusk Ivory, Dugong Tusk Ivory, Elephant Ivory, Elk Teeth Ivory, Hippopotamus Ivory, Killer & Pilot Whale Teeth Ivory, Mammoth Ivory, Mastodon Ivory, From the tusks and teeth of elephants and hippopotamus, Known as the Supreme Nurturer, it supports during times of stress and unifies all aspects of life, Good for arthritic conditions and all ailments of the bones and teeth, Jewelry, piano keys, billiard balls, combs, and decorative items, Hot needle test, if its plastic needle goes in. Tusk powder is said to have detoxifying properties, giving skin a luminous glow when consumed. Gabrielsen, Paul. Many of ivory retailers are still located in areas heavily frequented by tourists. types of diamond necklace settings. Ivory Ban Questions and Answers., Wildlife Conservation Society. It's easy to buy -- you just have to know where to go. Ivory Lane Singapore, which launched on Facebook last Tuesday (July 31), supposedly sold accessories made from elephant ivory. Yes. 1. Elephants can live up to 60 years, and their tusks grow throughout their lives with the tip remaining the oldest part. NEW. Ivory artifacts have been found on archaeological sites in Africa, Asia, and Europe, providing evidence of widespread trading. Law and the Identification of Ivory in Tribal Art. Tribal Art, no. For every elephant killed, one tusk belonged to the king and one could be sold. TRAFFIC found that 35-52% of ivory pieces were bangles and large-scale pieces have become increasingly rare. After all, explorers have been wearing them for centuries. In addition to the state jewel, the thunderegg is also the state rock of Oregon. At a sweeping glance, they all look similaroff-white with yellow or brown hues, smooth and creamy in texture, like solidified milk. Antique dealers say the new federal ivory ban will cost owners up to $12 billion. The Washington Post. Therefore, shorter women can get a lot of use out of them, both on casual occasions and formal events. Is it only for decoration when wearing a gold ring? Ivory Ban Questions and Answers. https://www.fws.gov/international/travel-and-trade/ivory-ban-questions-and-answers.html. On that same website, there's an excerpt from a book called Y?xu Rmn, a Chinese medicine textbook that dates back to the Ming Dynasty. Maison Ivory Piped Silk Pajama Set $ 269. Red Coral is considered the most potent shade in crystal healing. In February, China imposed a one year moratorium on the good and in the United States, the trade is coming close to a complete ban. Wearing pearls in women's menopause can regulate mood . WWFs partners in the effort include social media channels; e-commerce giants Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent; TRAFFIC and the International Fund for Animal Welfare, as part of the Wildlife Trafficking Online. The goals of recently publicized ivory crush-and-burn events, aside from removing ivory from the market, are to reverse the idea of ivory as a status symbol and shrink its market value, in an effort to decrease demand and illegal hunting. The ETIS report following CoP16 rated Thailand worst on regulation of its ivory market. Whatever the exercise type or level of intensity, we cannot state the importance of wearing the right sports bra enough. Regulates body temperature 2. In the state of Oregon, ivory is a very popular gemstone that is frequently discovered inside the well-known thundereggs that are located in the states eastern regions. The ivory skin tone is considered the most beautiful and beautiful skin tone, and people like it the most. Stable isotope analysis is another forensic method applied to ivory that provides information about the habitat in which the elephant lived. China is the world's largest importer of smuggled tusks. Conversely, individuals may turn to poaching as a means of supporting their families and, if arrested or killed in the process, may leave their families without a provider.