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But I did find a wee clue about it that dovetails with another issue discussed on this blogLOOT, or the repatriation of cultural objects to their homelands/peoples. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip with Emperor Haile Selassie I, 1965. Queen Elizabeth was greeted by Emperor Haile Selassie, who showcased the crowds dancing in the street upon her arrival. During their trip, the monarch and her consort took a tour of India's most-loved monuments, including the Taj Mahal. The Ethiopian and British peoples and Governments are old friends. She was welcomed by tribal dancers and a 21-gun salute. Shutterstock is an official photo agent for the magazine. It has also been shared during other royal eventsand it even made its way onto the cover of a reggae album. Her visit to Sudan included an afternoon of camel racing and a trip to the construction site of the Roseires Dam on the Blue Nile, which was completed the following year. Upon liberation, Haile Selassie was restored as Emperor over the country. Family history and world history converge. The emperor took refuge in the United Kingdom between 1936 and 1941 following the Italian occupation of his homeland and was restored to the throne in 1941 after British and Commonwealth troops defeated the Italians. When Ethiopia was invaded by Italy in 1936, Selassie found himself escaping and living in Bath, England for five years until in 1941 a joint British-Ethiopian comprised of many of Britains colonial subjects liberated Ethiopia from the aggressors. He had come to Ethiopia with the English army from Sudan, when England was helping Ethiopia against Italy. In 1965 however, international travel was not as easy as it is today, so for Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip, their trip to Ethiopia was a huge occasion. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Limousines with a police motorcycle escort rather than a golden state coach took them into theEritrean capital. (LogOut/ shows she bowed her head as Princess Dianas funeral procession passed by in 1997. The Associated Press, Emperor Greets Queen Elizabeth and Philip as They Begin Ethiopia Visit, Feb. 2, 1965 The British Museum, Empress Menen of Ethiopia , visited Sept. 19, 2022 Getty Images . File photo: Queen Elizabeth II arrives at Piarco International Airport for the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on November 26, 2009. Those guests did not include the queen, who assumed the throne in 1952, and made her first official visit to Ethiopia in 1965, according to Associated Press reports at the time. The following day saw the start of the official programme of visits, with the emperor and queen taking a flight down the so-called Historic Route, from the Blue Nile Falls to the rock churches of Lalibela, and then on to see the palaces of Gondar and the giant stelae at the ancient city of Axum. Prince Philip, the Duchess of Windsor, Queen Elizabeth II, and . in 1947, shortly before her marriage to Philip Mountbatten, when she accompanied her parents - King George VI and Queen Elizabeth - on a visit to South Africa. Queen Elizabeth II made her first visit to Caernarfon, Gwynedd, in 35 years. The queens ties to the country began at least in 1965 when a young Elizabeth accompanied her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh made an eight-day visit to the country. During Prince Phillip's lifetime, the two visited India three times: in 1961, 1983 and in 1997the year the couple visited India to mark . Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh enjoyed a private retreat in Qualicum Beach before spending time in Vancouver and Greater Victoria, attending the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting. Your email address will not be published. At the time of this articles publication, they were not able to confirm the identity of the two individuals bowing to the Ethiopian royals. Ethiopians have contributed to the millions of tributes that flooded social media for the late monarch, who died aged 96 on Thursday. British Pathe describes the film as follows: "Intertitle: "A film record of the Queen and Duke's visit to Ethiopia". Card commemorating the visit of the Queen to Toronto. The Queen signed letters to President Mandela with "Your sincere friend, Elizabeth R" and apparently referred to him as "Nelson", while it's said that he called her simply "Elizabeth" in a break from royal protocol. The day after this photo was taken, she heard the news that her father, King George VI, had passed away and she was to become Queen. Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe was awarded an honorary knighthood by the Queen in 1994. Queen Elizabeth II, now King Charles III are not only the sovereign of the United Kingdom: they are also the head of the Commonwealth, this grouping of states from the former colonial empire.For my part, I will shed no tears for this representation of the world imperialist order. These dates match the captions on the photos from the Buckingham Palace archives. Queen Elizabeth II became queen on February 6, 1952, and was crowned on June 2, 1953. Examples of posts sharing the photo and making the claim can be . Moreover, the queen was never in Ethiopia at the time the picture was taken. The two monarchs are thus facing each other. See Notable Figures Who Paid a Visit to the Late Queen Elizabeth II As She Lies in State Since Wednesday, hundreds of thousands of people have filed past the late monarch's coffin as it lies . The dinner that night consisted of lamb and watt, Ethiopias national meat and lentil stew dish, tedj (honey wine), and Tatinger champagne (Time Magazine, 1965). Before her death, at the end of every summer, Queen Elizabeth mades her annual pilgrimage north to Scotland for a multiple week-long holiday at Balmoral Castle. Queen Elizabeth II died at 96 years old on Thursday after reigning the monarch for the longest spanning period in Britain's history. Elizabeth II undertook a number of state and official visits over her 70-year reign (1952 to 2022),[1] as well as trips throughout the Commonwealth, making her the most widely travelled head of state in history. Queen Elizabeth II travelled the world in her role as Monarch -- and visited our province six times. Oct. 4, 2002 The Queen begins her Golden Jubilee visit to Canada in Iqaluit. All rights reserved. Elizabeth II in Ethiopia When: February 1-8 1965 Though it occurred little more than 50 years ago, the Queen's visit to Ethiopia was an excursion into an era that has now faded from view. A special link to Britain endured through the Commonwealth of Nations, which the Queen led. She did not require a British passport for travelling overseas, as all British passports were issued in her name.[2]. State banquetLater the Queen was guest of honour at a state banquet in the old palace, where in the gardens the Emperor keeps his pet lions. And when, finally, the just God called the tyrant aggressor to account, soldiers of many lands marching . By then she could be in no doubt that she had come to the land of the Lion of Judah, King of Kings. , a decade before Elizabeth made her first official visit to Ethiopia, and when Charles was just 7 years old. He was the ruler and had divine status as legitimized by the church and his alleged ancestry derived from Solomonic dynasty from King David himself. Prince Philip returned to England after visiting Texas and the Queen concluded the trip with just one more stop in Kentucky. Queen Elizabeth was greeted by Emperor . The France 24 Observers team contacted the Meredith consortium that now owns digital versions of Time magazine. Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip bowing before Emperor Haile Selassie and his wife, Empress Menen Asfew. The British prevailed and plundered the fortress, taking manuscripts and objects from the church, much of which ended up in the British Museum, at Cambridge, in the Queens collection, and the V&A. Design a site like this with WordPress.com, Adolf Hitler at the Prague Castle window 54th birthday series, First Day Cover: Liberty Issue, 1 1/4c Palace of the Governors. A film record of the Queen and Dukes visit to Ethiopia. Duration: 3:29 Queen Elizabeth II opens fourth session of Welsh Assembly: 2011 BBC Wales Today In a symbolic move to pay tribute to the Queen, whose 2011 state visit to the Republic of Ireland helped heal decades of tensions over Northern Ireland's position in the UK, the Irish taoiseach . Although it is not the only time Ethiopia issued stamps depicting a monarch with equal real estate space on the image, the 2nd time being the state visit of the Emperor of Iran on June 3rd, 1968, it is the first and also the one that has been issued with such great care and attention to detail. Podcast: Who was Queen Elizabeth II to Africa? Prince Asfa-Wossen Asserate recalls Queen Elizabeth IIs Ethiopia visit, Ambassador Massinga should be given the respect any ambassad, [] Oromia region, for example, where the Ethiopian Hu, Michael W. Thomass Popular Ethiopian cinema: Love and other genres, Synod slams Abiy Ahmed who casts tension in the church as an internal matter, A film record of the Queen and Dukes visit to Ethiopia, Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), USDA pleased with Ethiopian Govt for its willingness to approve GMOs, Fired for expressing my political views: A pilots testimony, An open letter by Dr. Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher, Ethiopia-Eritrea border restrictions tighten, Deadly Violence Hits Hawassa as Protesters Call for Sidama State, Seare Mekonnen Named Ethiopian Militarys Chief of Staff, Please Do Not Take Her by Afework Yohannes. 1:00. The Duke of Edinburgh dutifully performed his allotted role, always walking twosteps behind the queen as royal protocol demanded. 0:00. 0:00. Antique Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Commemorative Plate 1897 SCARCE BACK. They are the only people they have ever bowed to as a royal couple (sic), reads the text withinthe screenshot. Sn# ET C86-C88. The case for restitution has been fought ever since, as the article details. Hello Jolifanta (a nom de plume, I guess? All rights reserved. The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on a State Visit to Ethiopia on this day in 1965, where they were hosted by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, where they saw some waterfalls, watched tribal elders perform a ceremony from the dias, visited a church, drove through large crowds in open topped cars, and attended two glittering State Banquets hosted by the Emperor (wearing the Order of the Garter . She also visited Calabar, Enugu, Jos, Kaduna, Kano and Port Harcourt. I was there as a young Foreign Service officer on my first posting. These include a photo that many internet users claim showsthe Prince and his wife, Queen Elizabeth II, bowing beforeEthiopian Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen Asfaw. The Queen was in Ethiopia from February 18, 1965. "Ethiopia Essay Haile Selassie with his wife greeting guests, Ethiopia, 1955," the original caption read. However, the tweet on which the claim is based could not be found after an advanced searchofthe AfricaFactsZone Twitter account, indicating it may have been deleted. Elizabeth's inaugural visit to Canada occurred in 1951; she was still a princess at the time with the . Various shots Queen visiting large church, where men are in ornate robes and women wear white headdresses. Ethiopia: Emperor, Elites and Modernization. Civilisations 17, no. I dont recall your dads name but then it was a long time ago and Im in my seventies now with hazy memories. England's Queen Elizabeth II and Duke of Edinburgh wait with their hosts, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia and his son, the Crown Prince, before they enter the New Cathedral of St. Mary of Zion. We personally cherish mixed emotions concerning those years. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip with Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia.Getty. See details. Surrounded by a 100 horsemen of the imperial bodyguard, jogging under heavy lions mane helmets, it took more than an hour to drive the two miles through crowd clapping a rhythmic welcome and drums thumping. The subject matter depicted or included via links within the Fact Checking content is provided to the extent necessary for correct understanding of the verification of the information concerned. She was on an official six-day visit to South Africa, which saw the best rainy season in 10 years, winning her the nickname Motlalepula, which means "to come with rain". When Selassies Rolls Royce broke down on the way from the airport, Selassies green and scarlet imperial coach pulled by six Lippizaner horses stepped in as a replacement (Time Magazine, 1965). As memories recall other things of note, Ill email again if you wish but until then . In 1965 however, international travel was not as easy as it is today, so for Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip, their trip to Ethiopia was a huge occasion. Queen Elizabeth visited more than 20 African countries during her reign, as independence swept the continent. March 30, 2002 Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, dies in her sleep at the Royal Lodge at Windsor at the age of 101. On the right side we find Emperor Haile Selassie I wearing his field marshal uniform looking left. APS ASSESSMENT: False. Queen Elizabeth II inspects men of the newly-renamed Queen's Own Nigeria Regiment, Royal West African Frontier Force, at Kaduna Airport, Nigeria, during her Commonwealth Tour, on February 2, 1956. Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros detained some British and Europeans, leading to a British invasion at the mountain fortress of Maqdala. Perhaps you ran across him in Ethiopia? It is not insignificant that most of the jewels used during the coronation were stolen from the former colonies of the British Empire. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. My channel is sofialusi. The chairs for the Crown Prince and his consort had to be placed at a specified distance from the thrones of their majesties, and set correspondingly lower. Search Your Genealogy Find Birth, Marriage and Death Records The British Royal Family have a long history of State Visits to France, beginning with Queen Victoria's State Visit to France in 1855, as well as the landmark Royal Visit of 1939, the Queen's State Visits to France in 1957, in 1972, in 1992, 2004, and 2014.King Charles made an Official Visits as Prince of Wales in 1988 and in 2008, with the then Duchess of Cornwall . In October 1954 the Emperor returned to Britain for an official state two-week visit, the scale of which stood in marked contrast to the unenthusiastic welcome he had received from the British government in 1936. The Queen was in Ethiopia from February 1-8, 1965. The Nizam of Hyderabad had gifted the famous Cartier tiara and a diamond necklace of her choice for the Queen's wedding in 1947. From there, on . Asfaw died in 1962, three years before the queens first visit to Ethiopia, eliminating the chance that a photograph of the two of them together could have been taken in the East African country. These visits were no doubt flatter for countries like Ethiopia and those countries were obviously proud of the wonderful welcome they had provided for the Queen of England. The queen of England was received by the emperor in the new Jubilee Palace known today as the National Palace a few years after the death of Menen,he said. Prince Philip remained in the background throughout and never committed the gaffe of doing anything. September 9 . The original image is available on the Getty Images archive. Like Elizabeth II, he is a head of state but also anointed by the grace of God to lead his people forward. Queen Elizabeth II first visited Melbourne in 1954 at the age of 27. The photo does not feature Elizabeth or Charles. In addition to foreign dignitaries, a small number of the Queen's family, friends, cabinet . Ethiopia: A Wing on the Palace. Time Magazine, February 12, 1965. Your email address will not be published. on Monday, an old photo falsely captioned as showing Elizabeth was circulating anew on social media. Queen Elizabeth II at the Tissisal Falls with Emperor Haile Selassie during a royal visit to Ethiopia in 1965. The latest Museums, Technology & Games Weekly. What is remarkable for Ethiopia was in 1965 international travel was not as easy as it is today, so for Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip, their trip to Ethiopia was a huge occasion. Nevertheless, the UK government regarded him as a major stabilising force in an increasingly turbulent region. . Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave . The Queen and President Olusegun Obasanjo are seen here at the official opening of the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Abuja. The streets had been lined with trees, and he had an entire wing added to his Jubilee Palace in order to house Elizabeth IIs 31 person entourage. But a banner strung across the road proclaims Long live the friendship between Great Britain and Ethiopia. And behind her palace are roads named after three British generals - Wavell, Wingate, and Cunningham - who helped to liberate Ethiopia from the Italians. It was captured in 1955, a decade before Elizabeth made her first official visit to Ethiopia, and when Charles was just 7 years old. The black-and-white photo showed an adult man and woman facing away from the camera, bowing before Selassie and his wife, Menen Asfaw. As a developing nation, being legitimized by Great Britain by a state visit puts him forth as an equal among one of the longest continuous monarchies in the world. The Mayor of Casterbridge, by Thomas Hardy, is the single work that Meghan Markle has been on the receiving end of some harsh criticism Did you know Queen Elizabeth enjoyed this food so much? In 1961, Queen Elizabeth visited several countries around the world, but perhaps what was most notable was her very first trip to Ghana, a country in West Africa. Every pot hole on the route from the airport to the reception had been filled. im Jahre 1965", "Als die Queen Pferde suchte und Schiller fand", "Germany: West Berlin: Queen Elizabeth Visit", "STATE VISIT OF HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN ELIZABETH II TO TURKEY IN 1971", "Kisah Perjalanan Pangeran Philip dan Ratu Inggris Elizabeth II ke Indonesia Tahun 1974", "Ratu Elizabeth II dan Pangeran Philip di Candi Borobudur", "Stock Footage Bin: Elizabeth II of England / Birthday Parade / West Berlin / 1978", Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne, "En 1980, la visite d'Etat d'Elisabeth II en Suisse avait fait jaser", "Elizabeth II, Mitterrand Inaugurate Channel Tunnel: Europe: The heads of state meet in Calais, then take historic ride on Le Shuttle in the queen's Rolls-Royce", "Kuningatar Elisabet rmpi happamana suomalaismetsss 43 vuotta sitten hakkuutymaakin tarkastettiin miinaharavalla", "Announcement of programme for Ireland visit", "Further details of the State Visit to Germany, 17 May 2015", "Ticker zur Queen in Deutschland: Am Donnerstag geht's nach Frankfurt", Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence, Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History, The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta, Supreme Governor of the Church of England, Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces, 2020 Alternative Christmas message (2020), Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_visits_made_by_Elizabeth_II&oldid=1141522592, Lists of diplomatic visits by heads of state, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 13:48. Seller does not accept returns. Family history and other tensions aside however, the Queen did visit the Duke of Windsor one final time before he died in 1972. The image is part of a series called "Ethiopia Essay" produced for LIFE magazine in 1955. In her 70 years on the throne, the Queen traveled widely and visited many countries, reportedly as many as 100 countries. AFP and its logo are registered trademarks. Issued on: 13/04/2021 - 19:15Modified: 14/04/2021 - 14:49. See details. CLAIM: Photo shows Britains late Queen Elizabeth II and her son, King Charles III, bowing to Ethiopias last emperor, Haile Selassie. Elizabeth II was the sovereign of more than one independent state and represented both Canada and the United Kingdom on state visits, though the former on just two occasions. Queen Elizabeth II dances with Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first president and a figurehead of the decolonisation movement during her visit in 1961, just four years after Ghana's independence. From her historic visit to Jamaica in 1966 to her Silver Jubilee celebrations in the Bahamas, photos of Queen Elizabeth's visits to Jamaica, the Bahamas and Belize through the years The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on a State Visit to Ethiopia on this day in 1965, where they were hosted by Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, where they saw some waterfalls, watched tribal elders perform a ceremony from the dias, visited a church, drove through large crowds in open topped cars, and attended two glittering State Banquets hosted by the Emperor (wearing the Order of the Garter), at which the Queen wore Queen Alexandras Kokoshnik Tiaraand the Girls of Great Britain & Ireland Tiarawith the Order of Solomon.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'royalwatcherblog_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_9',164,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-royalwatcherblog_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. "Various shots of Queen Elizabeth II and Emperor Haile Selassie visiting some waterfalls, Duke of Edinburgh (Prince Philip) is also present. In 2010, Queen Elizabeth spoke to the United Nations and placed a wreath at the 9/11 Memorial. The Queen visited Nigeria for a second time in 2003. In August 1872, in the aftermath of Britain's inglorious Abyssinian campaign, Queen Victoria, together with the British . A rare picture of the late Prince Philip and the Queen of England bowing before the Lion of Judah Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen. laura ashley adeline duvet cover; tivo stream 4k vs firestick 4k; ba flights from gatwick today; saved by the bell actor dies in car crash; loco south boston $1 oysters Waiting for her at the airport was the Emperor of Ethiopia in field-marshals uniform and a lions mane helmet. Empress Menen died seven years later in 1962, before the queen's first official visit to Ethiopia.. Solomon Yirgaw, a guide at the Addis Ababa University Museum, told AFP Fact Check that Haile Selassie moved into his "new official residence in 1963 shortly after his wife died". It is the successful vision of Mitchell Cotts, and that companys 10,000 British shareholders. View theroyalwatchers profile on Facebook, View the_royal_watchers profile on Instagram, View saadandayeshas profile on Pinterest, The Princess of Wales Dazzled the South African State visit to the UK, Royal Family at North Sea Flood Relief Concert, 1953, Duchess of Kents Diamond and Pearl Suite. My dad served in the Peace Corps in Ethiopia between 1963 and 1965. ), Princess Anne joined the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh were hosted by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdul Halim of Kedah and Raja Permaisuri Agong Sultanah Bahiyah on a State Visit to Malaysia on this day in 1972, the third stop of a massive Tour of Southeast Asia, which began in Thailand, and was followed by visits to Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, the Seychelles, and Mauritius. By running a reverse image search, AFP Fact Check traced the original photo to a series by German-born American photographer and photojournalist Alfred Eisenstaedt. Over the years, he became increasingly anti-British and anti-European. She had visited Uganda once before - on her first official state visit to Africa as Queen in 1954. Empress Menen died seven years later in 1962, before the queens first officialvisit to Ethiopia. Dedicated to telling stories about Ethiopian politics, culture and history. The golden state carriage that had been built to mark the emperors silver jubilee stood in waiting for the two monarchs, and drawn by a team of powerful white Lippizaners and escorted by a brigade of the imperial life guards in red and green uniforms, the coach made its way into the city centre. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Princess Elizabeth is seen here at Treetops Hotel in Kenya with her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh in 1952. Copyright AFP 2017-2023. Nope, Five fact-checks about the war in Ukraine, Interlingua: The 'new' language you might be able to speak without even studying it, Meet the British activist campaigning for tenants: 'They should be treated like human beings'. 2 February 1965: The state visit was made after the Emperor of Ethiopia visited London when Sir Winston Churchill was Prime Minister. *No Interest if paid in full in 6 months on $99+. Just days before, the servants at the palace in Asmara had been in a frenzy, with everyone from the butler in his snowwhite tailcoat to the chambermaids making sure that every last speck of dust was removed from the furniture, rugs and carpets. My dad got pretty close to her, as evidenced by this photo he took: There isnt much info online about this visit. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The visit by Elizabeth II would legitimize Selassies regime and assert his position as one of the great world monarchs. This was to be Elizabeth IIs first state trip to East Africa since she assumed the throne when her father King George VI died while Elizabeth was on a visit to Kenya in 1952 (Time Magazine, 1965). Global's Marney Blunt looks back at some of the memories of her time in Manitoba - Sep 8 . However, we had very many Peace Corps friends who mixed regularly with the British community and we shared various activities includiong riding in the countryside and amateur dramatics at the English School. The claim is false, as the photo was taken in 1955, ten years before the queen and duke made their first royal visit to Ethiopia. Many of the soldiers at the airport wore the British Africa Star. The traffic jams began two hours before her plane arrived, and it was noticeable how pedestrians who had armed themselves with spears made the best progress. Behind their respective portraits we find the equal sized flags of Great Britain an Ethiopia and above the portraits the shields of Haile Selassie I and Elizabeth II are displayed, again of equal size and detail. AFP has not obtained any rights from the authors or copyright owners of this third party content and shall incur no liability in this regard. Queen Elizabeth II visited more than 20 African countries during her reign, which saw the British Empire come to an end and independence sweep the continent. Queen Elizabeth I claimed the throne in 1558 at the age of 25 and held it until her death 44 years later. On an official note, the visit was made in return of Haile Selassies visit to London in 1955. Change). It is certainly fair to say that all the stops were pulled out for the Royal visit, as swaths of people came to try and catch a glimpse of the Queen. The royal family is one of the pillars of the English capitalist system. The Emperor was welcomed at Portsmouth on behalf of the Queen by the Duke of Gloucester, before boarding a special train to London. British Airways Concorde supersonic transport aircraft taxis to a stop upon arrival at Bergstrom Air Force base near Austin, Texas. Ghana is a former British colony that gained its . Pope Benedict XVI, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth ll and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, leaves the Palace of Holyrood House at the start of his four-day visit to Britain, Sept. 16, 2010, in . Contacts between us stretch back many years. 1986, April 30 to May 7 (British Columbia)