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ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. 39. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. 2.2.1.4. PSY470 Models of Abnormality - Running Head: BENCHMARK - StuDocu Evaluating the cognitive model. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. What is an important characteristic of group therapy? However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. 18. Conditioning. 2.3.3.1. 2.3.1.4. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. I'm here for you." b. anal stage. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. The Biological Model of Abnormality Chapter Exam - Study.com There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. The final section is a b. Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. c. transference. 42. c. regression. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. c. operant conditioning. b. multicultural. Just because there is a relationship between culture and a particular disorder, it does not mean that culture causes the disorder. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. b. early childhood trauma. d. catharsis. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. In operant conditioning, the rule for determining when and how often we will reinforce the desired behavior is called the reinforcement schedule. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. c. repression. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. 127. Communication in the nervous system. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. So what do we do with this information? c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. The Structure of the Nervous System. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as: d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). 2.3.3.4. Electroconvulsive therapy. c. denial. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. b. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? Panel A of Figure 2.6 shows the naturally occurring response to the stimulus of a loud sound. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: a. client-centered. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. First, Freud made most of his observations in an unsystematic, uncontrolled way, and he relied on the case study method. 45. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. 154. To stop some undesirable behavior you made in the past, they likely took away some privilege. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. I know my grandmother used to. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. A) illogical thinking patterns. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. 2.3.2.5. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: Which phrase would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group? Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. d. sociocultural. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. b. working through. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. b. cognitive-behavioral On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? d. brain circuits. What are some issues facing the biological model? c. double-blind studies. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? b. cultural. 2.2.1.1. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. b. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. b. behavioral-focused Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. 53. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? Medical Model: Definition, Mental Health, Psychology - StudySmarter US Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. d. classical conditioning. Environmental factors also play a role in the development of mental illness. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. c. role-playing. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? How so? In the case of men. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? Which is an example of latent content? Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. In fact, behaviorism said psychology was to be the study of observable behavior. d. fixation. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. A patient has social anxiety disorder. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. 29. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. This is called the, Step 5 After a short time, the neuron can fire again, but needs greater than normal levels of stimulation to do so. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. 152. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. b. family structure and communication. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. 160. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. Which technique is her therapist MOST likely to recommend? A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. d. classical conditioning. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Models of abnormality - Wikipedia b. delusional thinking. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. c. gestalt. Which would be a part of your paradigm? c. superego. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? 64. c. enmeshed. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. These medications fall under five major categories. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. 87. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. 108. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. d. classical conditioning. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. It is difficult to research this perspective. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. d. latency stage. Hormonal imbalances. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. c. transference. d. genes. 49. It is the most commonly used biological treatment for mental disorders.